A Confederacy of Dunces as a Criticism of Higher Education

Regardless of whether with an end goal to turn out to be progressively instructed and to acquire increasingly rewarding occupations or because of the requirement for better training in an undeniably innovative activity advertise, the United States has seen a rising pattern in the level of people who decide to go to school and graduate school. Not just has the quantity of people looking for advanced education expanded, however analysis of advanced education has expanded too. Basic analysis has incorporated the possibility of universities and colleges being more worried about money related viewpoints than with their understudies, just as the possibility of understudies utilizing advanced education not to turn out to be increasingly taught people, however to expand their odds of gaining higher wages after school or graduate school. A Confederacy of Dunces' humorous spotlight on instruction and learning gives instances of these and different reactions of advanced education. All the more explicitly, the characters of the story show the peruser the informed are not generally the ones who admission the best as far as their enthusiastic prosperity and their capacity to work in the public arena. In taking a gander at the characters in the novel there is by all accounts a backwards relationship as far as the measure of instruction a character has gotten in contrast with that character's capacity to work typically in the public arena (to not cause others trouble, to contribute genuinely and intellectually, and so forth ) For instance, Ignatius has the best measure of training and substantiates himself the most socially in reverse, trailed by Myrna, at that point by Mrs. Toll, a careless clinician without any than junior college experience. Additionally, the peruser is demonstrated that the most instructed characters are likewise the most mocked and bizarre characters in the story. Two evident characters, the characters of Ignatius Reilly and Myrna Minkoff, outline a portion of the conceivable negative impacts of advanced education. In spite of the fact that it is hard to remark on Myrna, proof is given all through the novel that depicts Ignatius as a considerably more agreeable and wonderful individual before his days at school. For both of these characters training has contorted their perspective on society so that it makes them hopeless to be a piece of such a â€Å"abominable and debauched† society. Ignatius whines all through the novel about other's absence of insight and their as far as anyone knows â€Å"distorted† perspective on society. Not just has Ignatius and Myrna's perspective on society been influenced by advanced education, however their capacity to work socially in the public eye has been influenced too. Neither one of the characters can keep up an enduring relationship with others than themselves. Additionally, Ignatius experiences issues discovering work and has considerably more noteworthy trouble keeping any activity which he acquires. Myrna herself would without a doubt face comparative trouble on the off chance that she didn't get generous financing from her dad. At long last, Myrna's view on sex, one that conflicts with the accepted practice, and her affinity to talk about this subject nearly gets her assaulted by a college janitor. Another character who is exceptionally associated with the scholarly world, Professor Talc, assists with showing the analysis of school being a business for the individuals who run it and by the individuals who work for it. Educator Talc himself concedes that he doesn't have a clue or instruct much by any stretch of the imagination that his talks are obscure, that he is just well known on account of his diversion, and that he isn't able to encourage school level Social Studies. Powder's lack of engagement in instructing his understudies underpins the possibility that numerous educators see their work just as a safe activity with considerable advantages. Another case of Professor Talc delineating analysis of advanced education comes in the scene of his gathering with a female understudy. While Talc initially accepts that the understudy set up the gathering either in light of her enthusiasm for his group or due to her enthusiasm for him, the real thought process of the understudy is just to discover the evaluation of her latest undertaking. This scene speaks to the regular analysis of advanced education just giving an unfortunate obligation. While the essential objective of an advanced degree was one after another to turn into an increasingly taught singular, this objective has moved to accepting passing marks, getting a great job, raking in some serious cash, and so forth. In the creator's last endeavor to parody, and in this way reprimand, advanced education, Professor Talc, the novel's image of advanced education itself, parts of the bargains taunted and criticized by the two educators and understudies. In contrasting the less-instructed characters of the story, the peruser is indicated that despite the fact that these characters may not be the most tangibly wealthy or have the best savvy limit, they do complete the story as the most inwardly, and at times monetarily, stable characters of the story. Additionally, despite the fact that they are not officially taught, these characters can work well in ordinary, down to earth circumstances. One such uneducated character who polishes the novel happier than a significant number of the informed characters is Ignatius' mom. Before the finish of the story, Mrs. Reilly is liberated from Ignatius, who persecutes her social advantages and powers her to cook and clean, and gets an opportunity at wedding Claude Robichaux, a wealthy and evidently thoughtful man. Mrs. Reilly has little training and along these lines appears to expect and want pretty much nothing. Dissimilar to the individuals who want a great job and a decent salary just in light of the fact that they went to school, Mrs. Reilly is fulfilled by progressively straightforward delights: the organization of companions, moving, bowling and so forth. Her straightforward delights outline the perfect of the Zen street to fortune in the event that you don't want a great deal, it takes almost no to be cheerful. In contrasting this with advanced education, again a large number of those people who go to school and additionally graduate school do expect and want progressively: an increasingly worthwhile activity, all the more socially well-to-do companions, a wealthier, increasingly appealing mate. Advanced education may likewise propagate the should be serious the need to buckle down so as to excel. Proof of this thought can be found in the way that an expanding level of the populace go to school as well as graduate school than in years past. Never again is a secondary school training adequate to make sure about a well-paying occupation. Both Darlene and Jones additionally end up being less instructed characters who end the story in preferred enthusiastic and budgetary circumstances over a large number of those characters who have gotten some sort of advanced education. Both Darlene and Jones finish the story with better, increasingly secure work just as freshly discovered bliss. Darlene, who is depicted in the novel as to some degree flaky, shows that â€Å"ignorance is bliss†. Because of her absence of insight, Darlene anticipates practically nothing, and her most significant standard is just to be a generously compensated extraordinary artist. In the wake of arriving at this objective at the end of the novel, Darlene's richness again shows that in the event that one doesn't have a ton, it won't take a lot to get content. Albeit likewise seeming uneducated, Jones demonstrates to have a lot of good judgment that permits him to work in the public arena. Along these lines Jones furnishes the peruser with proof that information increased through advanced education isn't the main sort of information one needs so as to be fruitful and accomplish objectives. In contrasting Ignatius and Jones the peruser sees this distinction between â€Å"book smarts† and â€Å"street smarts† and their utilization in working in the public arena. Utilizing his presence of mind, an insight that Ignatius plainly needs, Jones can tell when whites are terrified of him, and is likewise ready to make sense of Lana Lee's trick, utilizing it to keep up employer stability and in the long run to find an increasingly alluring line of work. In a clear endeavor to both ridicule and condemn advanced education, John Kennedy Toole makes characters in A Confederacy of Dunces who offer confirmation that the matter of advanced education propagates rivalry and the longing to accomplish more than others. This expanded rivalry thusly causes both pressure and an improved probability of missing the mark concerning set objectives, both in the end prompting despondency. Likewise, as found in the character Ignatius, the knowledge picked up because of school or graduate school may cause the informed to look downward on and even to hate the citizenry with normal or underneath normal insight. The creator further ridicules training by leaving each character in a specific situation toward the finish of the novel. While the uneducated characters will in general end up happier, the informed characters by and large demonstrate despondent before the finish of the story.

Discuss the balance between ludological (gameplay) elements and Essay

Talk about the harmony between ludological (interactivity) components and narratological (story) components in games. Is one progressively significant - Essay Example A definitive objective of such examination is to move from a scientific categorization of components to a comprehension of how these components are organized in real stories, anecdotal and nonfictional.† [Pradl 1984] A normal utilization of narratological techniques would incorporate sociolinguistic investigations of narrating and in discussion investigation or talk investigation that manage accounts emerging over the span of unconstrained verbal connection. The investigation of story is especially significant since our requesting of existence in account structures comprises one of the essential ways we develop importance all in all. The narratological approach is described by its superseding worry with account structure, and the nearby consideration it pays with the impacts that this structure has on the forming and unfurling of stories. Artistic hypothesis and narratology have likewise been exceptionally useful to comprehend cybertexts and videogames. Narratology hypotheses a re accustomed to bring the part of narrating, a situation, a scene, characters and a plot of which the client has through and encounters and takes impact in the story that unfurls. Logically Narratological components in games, particularly in videogames, are to some degree makes them all the more dazzling to open and to players. They to some degree brings the excellence inside the game. The players, at times, will in general spend more thoughtfulness regarding the narrative of the game than to the ongoing interaction or the earth of the game. Bring this RPG’s (pretending games) for instance, Star Wars the game, players will in general remain concentrated and tuned-in on the story than being centered around the intelligence of the game. As such, they are having the readiness to finish the game essentially on the grounds that they need to comprehend what occurs next in the story. They become anxious to propel the game starting with one level then onto the next for the following plot. Clearly, game creators will in general have their work dependent on books, stories, legends, fantasies, saints, or even on films. By this, they pull in players more. Undoubtedly and utilized in videogames and in cybertexts, here comes ludology - â€Å"the scholarly investigation of videogames† [Keats 2006]. Utilizing narratological components as structure in planning a game is in reality exceptionally helpful, yet it can't be the main system to be applied. Ludology from the words ludus implies game and logus study. It talks about the ongoing interaction of a game. It investigates the intuitiveness of the game. The demonstrations you will make so as to move inside the game, the designs, the setting, hues, sizes and shapes, and so forth. It discusses how the game will show up on screen. Ludology is clearly generally utilized in games. It is the place investigates site their remark. They would not say â€Å"This game sucks. It has a dubious story.† The ludology poi nt of view is helpful and can remain solitary than narratology is. It straightforwardly applies to certain games. For instance players don't play tetris for a story. They would not try asking â€Å"Where is amusement here? Where is the story?† Also in mainstream games like Mario by Nintendo are more qualified as a game and scrutinized on its interactivity and illustrations instead of on the story. Most players will in general play a Mario game not to check whether Mario meets Princess Peach yet for each level’s plan and other ongoing interaction components that make the game all the more energizing. Narratology and ludology are being restricted by most. Be that as it may, these two contiguous and autonomous points of view must be unmistakably comprehended to show up on to a greater

The Health Risks of Marijuana and Breastfeeding

The Health Risks of Marijuana and Breastfeeding Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print The Health Risks of Marijuana and Breastfeeding By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 22, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 15, 2020 Tatyana Tomsickova Photography/Moment/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Marijuana, also known as cannabis or weed, is the most commonly used illegal drug?? and many women use medical marijuana for recreational use in states where it is legal as well. Although generally considered a harmless or soft drug, there are risks associated with marijuana use. Parents need to be cautious about exposing their baby to marijuana smoke or to breastmilk if the mother has been consuming marijuana. Research has been studying the effects of marijuana and breastfeeding and the findings are very interesting. The Breast Is Best Philosophy The Breast is Best message is one that new moms often receive and with good reason. A 2012 policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics reviewed the evidence on breastfeeding. The AAP concluded that given the short-term and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages, breastfeeding should be promoted as the norm to new parents.?? For example, there is a 36% lower risk of SIDS when babies are breastfed.?? The stereotype of the new mom and the stereotype of the chronic marijuana user dont align very well. Everyone wants to be seen as a good parent. Physicians dont want to upset a pregnant woman or one who has recently given birth. They often dont even bring up the subject of drug use if a woman doesnt look like the type who would use drugs. Given this fact, many physicians do not routinely ask pregnant women or mothers whether they use marijuana. Far less advise them not to breastfeed because of it. The discomfort around the implications of whether a drug-using woman should even be caring for her own child would make many new parents either avoid the question  or give the expected answer â€" that they do not use marijuana. Tip: The stigma around marijuana use and the universal promotion of breastfeeding may get in the way of getting accurate advice on breastfeeding from your doctor. Breastfeeding and Marijuana Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug among pregnant and breastfeeding women.?? Probably because of stigma, we dont hear the same public health messages about marijuana use as we do with substances such as alcohol and nicotine. Yet, the same policy statement advocating for breastfeeding actually cites marijuana use as a contraindication for breastfeeding,?? meaning that women who use marijuana should not breastfeed. A number of studies support this view. If you smoke marijuana, you should not breastfeed. What Marijuana Will Do to Your Baby If You Use It While Breastfeeding More research is needed to accurately predict the effects of a mothers marijuana use on children who are breastfed, but there are some risks we know about from research: Effects on the Brain and Nervous System: As a psychoactive drug, marijuana has a direct effect on the brain and nervous system. Babies who are breastfeeding are still rapidly developing, so using marijuana while you are breastfeeding increases the risk of impaired brain and nervous system development.??Mental Functioning:  Executive functioning  can be damaged by early exposure to cannabis. This includes flexibility in thinking, being able to pay attention for long periods of time, and being able to hold information in working memory.  Emotional Regulation: Early exposure to THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, has been found to cause long-lasting changes in the emotional reactivity of children.Risk of Drug Use Later: There is some evidence from animal studies that early exposure to cannabis increases the reinforcing effects of other drugs, such as opiates. Although more research is needed to confirm this, it is well-known that substance use runs in families. If you are using can nabis, exposing your baby to the drug through breastmilk may increase the risk that your baby will go on to use drugs â€" possibly even harder drugs than marijuana. Early exposure to marijuana is associated with a range of short-term and long-term mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. The Bottom Line The best thing you can do to protect your baby from the potentially harmful effects of marijuana is to quit and make sure no one smokes marijuana, or any substance, around your child. If you cant quit, dont breastfeed â€" marijuana sticks around in the body much longer than most other drugs. You can express and discard your milk if you plan to breastfeed once you are clean. Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding

Changes And Advancements Of Human Resources - 884 Words

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Lastly, with technological changes in almost every sector of the world (banking, manufacturing, even extending to the food industry), HR needs to be abreast of â€Å"HOW† to train their employees, to these ever changing circumstances. Technological Impacts in Recruiting and Hiring HR has had to make major adjustments with the technological changes that have taken place, from the aspect of recruiting new employees for job vacancies. With the advancement of the internet and smartphones, the days of â€Å"Help Wanted† ads in theShow MoreRelatedChanges And Advancements Of Human Resources977 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been many changes and advancements to Human Resources (HR) since companies started implementing HR practices and procedures, officially into their business organizational structure. Some may recall a time when the Human Resource department was simply called Personnel. 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Quality Management Management And Management - 932 Words

Due to the increasing pace at which life operated, businesses in many industries had become reliant upon creating a quick product, not necessarily evaluating if quick was necessarily going to result positively. Over the last two decades, among various industry lines, it became more commonly understood that quality management may help organizations to repeat work less often, as the initial product or service that was delivered, was of a higher caliber, resulting favorably for the company as well as for the client. Quality management has now become a more regularly used practice throughout all phases of projects, allowing project managers to operate with a clear, defined process, and letting upper management determine if work should stop short for the sake of time, not sacrificing the quality of what has been completed. Quality Management Explained CSU-Global (2013) identifies quality management as a way for organizations to develop standards to continually improve processes, procedures, products, and services. Often, these standards are referred to as policies, which are defined, documented objectives that are supported by management, based on principles, and beliefs of an organization (Milosevic, Patanakul, Srivannaboon, 2010). When quality management is addressed in the planning stages of a project, it is easier to incorporate those standards into the monitoring, controlling, and auditing phases, right from the start. While most people would think that quality of aShow MoreRelatedManagement Theory : Quality Management1353 Words   |  6 PagesINVESITIGATIVE STUDY OF EFFICIENCY INTO QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS 6 SIGMA Vs ACE (ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE EXCELLENCE) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Back Ground 3. Alternatives 4. Proposed Solutions 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusions 7. References I. 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Code of Hammurabi Free Essays

The Code of Hammurabi â€Å"To make justice visible in the land to destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, that the strong might not injure the weak. † The Code of Hammurabi was a law code written by King Hammurabi. The code was carved in a black pillar and was placed in a temple. We will write a custom essay sample on Code of Hammurabi or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was so the entire village had knowledge of it. It was written sometime between 1792 to 1750 B. C. E. and was partly based off of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar. People in the 1700’s were punished, although punishments weren’t meant to exceed the crime, women had less rights and lower social standing then men, and they highly valued family. â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,† represents a harsh sense of justice based on revenge. King Hammurabi made his laws this way to prevent crimes from happening. Once a person knew penalty of a crime the likelihood of the person committing a crime greatly decreased. Also, he wanted this all people were not viewed as equals. The punishments for the same crime committed by a free man versus a slave were incredibly harsher towards the slave. â€Å"If a man knocked out the tooth of a man that is equal his tooth shall be knocked out,† whereas if a slave had knocked out the tooth of a free man he would have to pay one third of mina of silver. King Hammurabi may have wanted quality but he did not achieve it through his laws. Woman may have played important roles in the Babylonian society, but they certainty were not treated this way. The Hammurabi Code is extremely gender bias towards women, the laws were meant to control the woman in the society. Women were viewed more as an arranged contract between the woman’s father and her suitor. â€Å"If a man has taken a wife and has not executed a marriage contract, that woman is not his wife. † If a wife is caught cheating in the act she can be strangled or become her husbands’ slave, whereas if a husband is caught cheating he has to pay said wife. Clearly, women were treated unfairly compared to men in this society. These laws were considered family laws. Family was the basic unit of daily life. Laws required deep respect towards parents. â€Å"If a son struck his father, his hands shall be cut off. † Hammurabi Code forbids incest. It states â€Å"if a man has committed incest with his daughter, that men shall be banished from the city. † Babylonian Society was very concerned about gender, class, and family. Women were viewed more as possessions then people. Women didn’t get to pick their husband; their father chose and made the arrangements with their future husband. A white male had a higher standing in society than a black man. If a white man and a black man committed the same crime, the black man would face worse consequences. You cannot disown your children legally, unless the said child committed a grave misdemeanor. The most concerned problem for Babylonian society was people lying in trial to a Judge. In most cases punishment for this was death, a serious problem that results in a serious punishment. The Code of Hammurabi showed the types of crimes they had thousands of years ago. How to cite Code of Hammurabi, Essay examples

What does the period 1848-51, tell us about the attitude of the Austrian and Prussia government towards the Unification of Germany Essay Example

What does the period 1848-51, tell us about the attitude of the Austrian and Prussia government towards the Unification of Germany Essay The period 1848-51 is generally considered by many historians as a period of consolidation after the 1848 but this does not necessarily mean that consolidation was the only outcome of this period. Also many historians are fond of describing the 1850s as a disaster for Prussia, this may be true on first glance but beneath the foundation stone for a united Germany had been laid. This period of consolidation did not just stabilize Germany but began a serious rivalry between Prussia and Austria that could end in war at the slightest provocation, the showdown at Hesse-Cassel a prime example of this fierce rivalry.Between 1848-51, Prussia and Austria both wanted to dominate but in practice only one could, again this caused friction between these great powers. Austria restored the Bund so the Habsburgs could exert their traditional dominance over the German States. Prussia formed the Erfurt Union, a way of dominating states or rulers that had signed up to the scheme. Throughout this period there way other underhand attempts to dominate Germany by both sides an example of this was the Dreikonigsbundnis which technically united the large states of Prussia, Hanover and Saxony under the Prussians, this could be seen as a Prussian attempt to exclude Austria by uniting with two of the other large states.Also although Fredrick William IV had declined the crown of Germany in 1849 from the Frankfurt parliament he spent these three years trying to unite Germany under him by using the Princes, this is seen in the Erfurt Union in which a new federation of German states would be created under the Hohenzollen monarch. The Austrian Empire would never join the Erfurt Union under Prussia so she was excluded.Also the Schleswig Holstein Crisis, which began in 1848 did not help relations between Austria and Prussia either in fact they just descended from peaceful friends into fierce rivals. For a unification of Germany to take place either Austria and Prussia would have to unite or one o f them would be defeated in a war and therefore excluded from a united Germany. As you can see by the examples, unifying Austria and Prussia was almost inconceivable at this time and neither side wanted a war at this time so unification was out of the question.Prussia, or more precisely, Fredrick William IV, wanted to become the ruler of a new Germany but only with the consent of Austria and the Princes, Austria would never consent so Germany would never unite under Fredrick William IV. Austria wanted to take Germany back to before 1848 where she was unchallenged in her dominance, the dominance that the Habsburgs had inherited for centuries, unification would spell the end of this dominance, so Austria would never willingly consent to unification. These were the general attitudes of the Prussian and Austrian governments and I will introduce more evidence to state these attitudes and then demonstrate, through evidence, the reason why Prussia and Austrian conflicted in attitude when i t came to uniting Germany.Austria and the Habsburgs in general had no desire for unification and their foreign policy of this period emphasised this for example the restoration of the Bund emphasises the fact that they still wanted to dominate the German states. The Habsburg had dominated and effectively ruled Germany under the Holy Roman Empire since the accession of Maximilian I in 1493, after being in power for over 350 years the Habsburgs would be unwilling to let Germany unite unless it was under Habsburg control. For hundreds of years the Habsburgs had many duchies, archduchies and kingdoms in their family, the Habsburg were meant to rule in the eyes of the German Princes, including Fredrick William IV. Every successor of the Habsburg Empire believed he was the King of Kings, you can see this through the way the Habsburgs treated the Bund, unification would mean that they would be put in a difficult position, because many German Princes did not want a GroBdeutschland, they wan ted Austria but not their Empire and Austria would not sacrifice its power base just for the crown of a unified Germany. This being the case Austria just ignored the idea of unification and when they needed a response the proposed a GroBdeutschland.The Bund was essential to Austrias control over Germany, it needed to Bund to maintain its influence and interests throughout the German States. If Austria did not renew its dominance over Germany through the Bund, Prussia would become dominate through the Erfurt Union. By bringing back the Bund it shows that Austria wanted to restore central Europe to the Vormarz period, with Austria leading the way. Also with a restoration of the Bund it would show that Austria was still powerful and it would not let go of its dominance.This also shows that although Metternich had been dismissed there was still many conservatives throughout the Austrian Empire who still resist change despite the events of 1848. The restoration of the Bund shows Austrias attitude to German Unification clearly, it would support a united Germany under Habsburg control which included all Austrian territory but would completely dismiss any other proposals of a unified Germany.In response to the opposition for a GroBdeutschland and for a Kleindeutschland. Schwarzenberg tried to turn this into Austrias favour, he suggested the idea of a Mitteleuropa which basically would be an extension of the Bund to include all the Austrian dominions e.g. Hungary for example and would be dominated by Austria. This was an obvious attempt to increase Austrian dominance in order to combat the rise of Prussia. The German Princes saw this for what it was and chose that if there was ever going to be a united Germany it would have to be a Keindeutschland because Austria would always want to dominate if she was included. This show Austrias attitude to German Unification once again because it shows that Austria wanted to dominate not unify and she would only unify if she could dominate.After the 1848 Revolutions, Austria had appointed more conservative ministers after the rise of Liberalism throughout the revolution. One of these Conservatives was Schwarzenberg, he was devoted to the interests of Habsburg Austria and as chief minister he had the authority to promote Austrias interest in the Bund. By the nature of conservatism it means that someone does not want change, this is true about the Austrian government between 1848-51, it was a conservative government headed by a conservative Emperor both of which respected the status quo, so you could say that because a unification proposal was never considered before it should not have been considered then. Although unified Germany was never considered a Germany under Austrian dominance had always been so Schwarzenbergs idea of creating a Mitteleuropa appealed to the status quo synthesisers because although it was a way of uniting Germany it considered one crucial Austrian conservative goal, retaining Austrias dominance.The Prussian attitude towards the unification of Germany was a more ambitious plan. Fredrick William IV aimed to unify Germany through the princes and through the consent of Austria. There was fatal flaw to this plan, Austria would never agree to a united Germany dominated by Prussia. Without Austrian support Prussia would have to exclude Austria from the Bund and this would require force, in the period 1848-51, Austrias military was more powerful so this was out of the question. Prussia had an attitude of unify Germany through the Princes and pronounce Fredrick William IV Kaiser, this was their attitude but it wasnt necessarily a practical plan.The first example of Prussias pro-unification attitude is seen by the proposal of General von Radowitz. Interestingly, Radowitz was a nationalist but also a friend of Fredrick William IV. It could be said that much of Fredrick William IVs idea to unite Germany through Princes stems from advice given by Radowitz. In 1849, Radowitz p roposed the Prussian Union plan which said that their would be a second Reich that would exclude Austria, but Austria and the 2nd Reich would have a very close relationship also Austria and Prussia would be equals, and would have a strong central government headed by the Prussian monarch. This met with approval from Fredrick William IV, who wanted to rule Germany but not as a constitutional monarch, like the Frankfurt Parliament proposed. Generally, the idea of a Kleindeutschland headed by Prussia with a strong government would have been greeted with enthusiasm if it wasnt for the influence and power of the Habsburg Empire.If Habsburg influence and power had been obviously in decline then I think Germany could have been unified in 1849 under Fredrick William IV, but because of conservative Austria, it had no chance of succeeding, the Union Plan tried to form a Germany with Kleindeutschland borders but a GroBdeutschland relationship with Austria. Although, Germany did not unify in 18 49, the Prussian Union Plan did show that the Prussian attitude to unification had changed, it was no longer staunchly devoted to the status quo like it had been in the Vormarz period but had began to seriously consider unification as a practical option. You could even say that the Prussian Union plan was the start of the period in which Prussia grew in stature, it had proposed, unifying Germany, something directly against the status quo and against Austria, and more importantly Prussia took some active steps to try and turn this proposal into reality. Also it showed how Prussia could take the lead in German affairs.Another example of the Prussians trying to become the dominate power of Germany was the Erfurt Union, this was a union in which 17 other German Princes joined or were bullied into joining a union dominated by Prussia. The Erfurt was an obvious successor to the Dreikonigsbundnis, which united Prussia, Hanover and Saxony in a similar union. Prussia is actively trying to pr omote a united Germany but with her as the leader. The Erfurt Union was formed when Austria was pre-occupied with revolution at home so she was distracted from German affairs, this is when Prussia tried to assert her authority. This was a poor decision because Austria was bound to get back to her feet at some point or another and any organisation that was against her interests and the Erfurt Union was a direct conflict to the Conservative Austrian government, so Austria then would use her power to destroy the Erfurt Union, this is exactly what happened. The period 1848-51 tells us that the Erfurt Union shows that Prussia wanted to unite Germany and make herself the dominant power. The Erfurt Union was a direct conflict to Austria because Prussia was trying to become the dominant power and Germany already had a dominant power, Austria.In 1849, before the Erfurt Union, Fredrick William IV followed Radowitzs advice and went to meet the Elector of Hanover and the King of Saxony and conv ince them to join in union with Prussia. He did this because combining Prussia with two other large states would make Prussia more powerful, also Saxony and Hanover are on the border with Prussia so political geography says that an alliance with these two countries would make Prussia more secure if there ever was a war also increased trade between these countries. Although there is no evidence to suggest the King Fredrick William IV intended to damage Austrian dominance, in fact Fredrick William IV was a traditionalist and believed in the divine right of Kings.Prussias attitude towards the Unification of Germany was that she wanted to rule a united Germany through the individual rulers of the states and Fredrick William IV would not accept the crown of Germany under democratic conditions or at the anger of Austria. This is the main reason why Germany was not unified in this 3 year period, because Fredrick William IV did not want to anger Austria through unifying Germany.I have descr ibed the attitudes of Prussia and Austria towards a unified Germany but how did these attitudes interact on the stage of German politics, how could two states with different political opinions hope to get on in a area of Europe dominated by co-operation.Prussia and Austria conflicted in attitude because Austria did not want a unified Germany because it would cause the Habsburg Empire to lose power, something that they were not willing to do, but Prussia wanted to unify Germany and put herself as head of a second Reich. This showed that Prussia wanted to become dominant and Austria did not want to lose her dominance. This was the nature of the Prussia and Austrian rivalry from 1849 up until the Seven Weeks War.Hesse-Cassel is an example where Austrian and Prussian attitude clashed with potentially lethal consequences. Hesse-Cassel was part of the Erfurt Union, in 1850 the ruler of Hesse-Cassel was overthrown by a liberal mob. Instead of calling for Prussian aid to re-establish his po wer, he went to the Federal Diet for assistance. I think he did this because Austria was the traditional leader of the German states and therefore she would have more power and more authority to get his throne back. By summoning the Diets support, Austria believed that it was her responsibility to help but as Hesse-Cassel was part of the Erfurt Union Prussia claimed it was her responsibility to help.This was clearly not about who would rule Hesse-Cassel but who would dominate Germany. Prussia mobilised its army and sent its army to Hesse-Cassel and Austria did the same. It seems as it would be war that would decide the fate of a united Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, Prussian troops began skirmishing with Confederate troops. Neither Austria or Prussia desired war with the other, luckily for both sides particularly Prussia, Prussia withdraw and the crisis was over. This event showed that these policies demonstrated earlier by Austria and Prussia would not be able to co-exist together in a united Germany.At Olmutz, 1850, Prussia was forced to concede to Austria and accept Austrian authority over the German states. The Erfurt Union was abolished and the Bund was re-established. This shows that Austria was in control no matter how much Prussia had changed. Conservatism had triumphed over Nationalism.The Restoration of the Bund was a direct conflict to Prussias plan for unification because as long as the Bund existed Austrias dominance in Germany existed and there could never be two dominant powers in Germany.Also the Prussian attitude towards unification was still very traditional despite Radowitz and Fredrick William IVs ideas. An example of this traditionalism was at Hesse-Cassel when Prussia backed down in front of Austria. This demonstrated that where Austria led Prussia followed on the outside Fredrick William IV may have wanted to unify Germany under his rule but on the inside he still respected Austrian authority and was willing to fall into line is the Habsburgs wanted it. How could a leader of a unified Germany be held to account by a foreign Duke?To conclude, Austria had the same attitude from 1815 to the Seven Weeks War, she wanted to dominate the German states and wanted to always dominate like she always had. Austria was not interested in a democratic unification, she was only interested in a Habsburg controlled united Germany. It was only Prussias attitude towards a united Germany that changed in the period 1848-51, the Prussians wanted to challenge Austria for dominance and by dominating Prussia could unite Germany under her banner. Prussia was not willing to fight for this privilege though, she hoped, naively, that Austria would grant a request for Prussia to dominate and this would never happen.I think this hope of uniting Germany with Austrian consent stems from Fredrick William IV, he was a nationalist but also a traditionalist, unfortunately these attitudes become oxymorons for a Prussian King because he couldnt be both and he respected traditional more highly. Austrias attempt to restore the Bund demonstrates her attitude that she still wanted to dominate and the Erfurt Union shows Prussian aim of unifying Germany and Olmutz shows the limits of Prussian power. No matter how enthusiastic King Fredrick William IV was in unifying Germany he would never be able to with his traditionalist values, unification would have to take place without Fredrick William IV, the Bund and Austrian dominance over the German states.